Received his PhD in modern Japanese history from Columbia University. Has been a professor at the University of British Columbia (1961–89) and at Ôbirin University in Japan (1990–95). Is now a professor emeritus of the Department of Asian Studies at Columbia University. His works include Nitobe Inazô: Japan’s Bridge Across the Pacific (editor and contributor) and Pacifism in Japan: The Christian and Socialist Tradition (coeditor and contributor). Awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon) in November 2003.